Elements of blood are what? Composition of blood elements

In the human body, in which everything is in order with health, the uniform elements of blood make up from the whole blood volume from 40 to 48%.If the amount of these particles does not correspond to the norm, this indicates a possible presence in the body of pathological processes. And what are the most common blood elements? Of course, red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets.

Composition of human blood

Blood can be called a connective tissue that is in a liquid state. It always circulates from the heart to all the remote corners of the body and performs vital functions. This bio-liquid is responsible for the transfer of nutrients, gases and microelements, without which metabolism is impossible. It creates conditions for the normal flow of a set of processes that support life in the human body.

Plasma and shaped elements of blood are constituents of blood. Plasma mostly consists of water, in which the necessary components for the processes of vital activity are dissolved.

Blood has a viscosity that affects the pressure inside the vessels and its circulation. The amount of blood in the body depends on the age and structure of the body of people. In general, it is from four to five liters.

There are four blood groups that have a certain composition. They are determined with the help of a special analysis, taken from a newborn baby, on the content of proteins in the blood. The group does not change throughout life. It can undergo changes only as a result of a new blood transfusion to a person in the presence of injuries or during surgical interventions.

Functions of the blood cells

These cells are called to perform the most important functions in the human body. Formal elements form the basis of these cells.

• The transport function is responsible for transferring the desired substances to all areas of the body. The circulatory system is capable of providing all the vessels and organs with the substances necessary for normal functioning.
• The breathing function allows oxygen to be delivered from the lungs to all organs and tissues, and carbon dioxide is returned back to the lungs.
• Excretory function is needed to block negative formations and remove them from the body through the systems and organs designed for this.
• Nutritional function is necessary to provide cells and organs with the necessary substances, activate the immune system.
• The regulatory function helps maintain a balance between useful and harmful substances. The necessary substances with the help of blood enter into all zones of the body, and harmful substances are removed from it.
• The trophic function is needed to feed the organs with nutrients that enter the body through the walls of the intestine.
• The protective function is represented by three varieties. The phagocytic function ensures the absorption of healthy cells by infections and viruses. Homeostatic promotes blood coagulability in damage to the integrity of the skin, supports the flow of certain processes in the blood. The third function is thermoregulatory. Blood participates in the thermoregulation of the body, protecting it from overheating and hypothermia.
• Functions for which the basic elements of blood are mainly responsible - transport, homeostatic and protective.

Formation and study of blood elements

Formed elements of human blood are formed in the hematopoietic organs. They have different roles in the body. If a person does not get sick, immediately after maturing they enter the plasma, are distributed throughout the body and immediately begin to fulfill their purpose. If a person has a serious disease, these elements can exit the bone marrow, finally not ripe.

Blood cells include red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets.

Nowadays, to determine if their number corresponds to the norm, a specialist assigns an analysis, after which you can find out which elements are contained in the plasma in insufficient quantities.

If in the old days the laboratory assistants themselves studied the material in detail, today the analysis is carried out with the help of special devices. This allows you to get an accurate result in the near future.

Composition of blood elements

Red blood cells - erythrocytes - constitute a significant mass of the total number of shaped elements. Hemoglobin, saturated with iron, is a part of erythrocytes and is responsible for the delivery of oxygen in the body. Due to hemoglobin, blood is red, it can easily join with oxygen. The oxidation process depends on the amount of hemoglobin.

Blood cells also include leukocytes that perform a protective function. They are larger in size than red blood cells. Microorganisms trapped in the blood are captured and digested by these elements.

Blood platelets( platelets) are responsible for clotting of blood.

Usage of red blood cells

These shaped elements of blood( erythrocytes) resemble, in their form, curved disks of a certain diameter. Due to their elasticity, they can easily move through capillaries, which are the smallest vessels in the body.

There is such a huge amount of red blood cells in the human blood that if you build a chain where these elements follow each other, it will turn out several times to wrap the earth along the equator. These uniform elements are measured by the number of cells per liter.

The normal number of erythrocytes in males and females, newborns and elderly people varies within certain limits.

Red cells are 95% composed of hemoglobin, with the ability to easily attach oxygen atoms to themselves and detach them. Blood enriched with oxygen flows through the arteries and is distinguished by a brighter color.

It becomes much darker when it gives oxygen and captures the breakdown products. Then, through the veins, she rushes to the heart, on the way being subjected to purification. When examining the composition of erythrocytes, it is necessary to establish how much hemoglobin they contain.

The main purpose of these blood elements is the delivery of oxygen and vital substances to all cells, purification of the latter from the products of decay and their delivery to the organs of excretory system.

Life span of red blood cells

Erythrocytes can live for about four months. After this period they undergo disintegration, and as a result of the most complicated reactions a toxic substance called bilirubin is formed. It is neutralized in the liver, is a constituent of bile, is sent to the rectum and takes part in digestive processes there. Then the main amount of bilirubin leaves the body together with the feces, and the rest comes out in the urine, undergoing filtration in the kidneys.

Erythrocytes can disintegrate according to two specific schemes. They can devour certain cells called phagocytes, which are designed to remove from the body all unnecessary. A large number of phagocytes is located in the liver and spleen, so these organs are sometimes called the burial places of these blood elements. The second scheme implies the dissolution of erythrocytes in the process of destruction of their envelope directly in the blood. In addition, there is a process of natural selection, when even new, but weak or defective erythrocytes are destroyed during blood flow through the vessels.

It should be noted that certain diseases are able to reduce the life span of red blood cells. In connection with their course in the blood, precursors of erythrocytes appear in the process of hematopoiesis - reticulocytes. They may not be fully ripe. A large number of reticulocytes indicates the presence of pathologies in the body.

The quantitative volume of red blood cells may vary slightly. In most cases, this may be affected by different physiological factors and the impact of the environment. The normal volume of red cells can also vary under the influence of various diseases.

The importance of leukocytes

Other blood cells - leukocytes - identify pathogens that have fallen into the body, die or undergo changes in the cell, absorb them and dissolve. Leukocytes are an important part of the immune system.

There are five types of white cells. The bulk of them is formed in the bone marrow, and a small part - in the lymph nodes and in certain organs. It is realistic to calculate the content of leukocytes in the plasma. Thanks to a special laboratory, it is possible to derive a leukocyte formula that shows the proportions of leukocyte species and their correlation with the norms.

The number of these elements during the day can often change under the influence of certain factors: after eating, exercise, relaxing in the bath, drinking hot drink. After taking medications, the white blood cell count can increase dramatically, so if the patient is taking any medications, you need to tell the specialist and do not drink the medicine for a certain time before taking the test.

It is recommended to take the analysis in the morning on an empty stomach. Also advise to give up physical exertion and smoking, do not take a bath or shower, protect yourself from stressful situations and other causes that activate the immune system.

Types of white blood cells

White cells differ in their purpose, structure and composition. All types of leukocytes are endowed with the ability to seep through the walls of capillaries into tissues that have damage, and take away pathogens.

The following types of white blood cells are responsible for the execution of certain functions:

• neutrophils and monocytes - able to detect pathogens and dead tissues and exterminate them;
• eosinophils - fight against toxins, basophils - with allergens;
• The purpose of lymphocytes is the synthesis of antibodies responsible for the memory of the immune system.

The lifetime of leukocytes

The lifespan of these elements is dependent on certain factors and can last from several hours to several years. A lot of white blood cells die in the course of unequal struggle with a large number of pathogens, since they can be ruptured by absorbing the latter.

In places of death of these elements( leukocytes) pus is formed, which causes new immune cells to fight.

If the results of the tests reveal a significant difference between the white blood cell count and the norm, this may indicate the development of serious pathologies. To have an idea of ​​the disease, you need to pass a survey from a specialist.

Differences of platelets

The smallest formular elements of blood are platelets. They are like the smallest records and are responsible for the clotting of blood. Ripening in the bone marrow, platelets penetrate into the plasma. The life span of the blood plate lasts about eight days, and then they are destroyed in the spleen.

Formed elements of blood( platelets) are endowed with mobility and immediate response to changes in the integrity of skin and tissues within the body. Instantly, they appear at the site of the disturbance, stick together between themselves and the damaged tissue site, activating certain components. Due to this, the wound is tightened, healed and resorbed. These uniform elements of blood are the rescuers in the human body, protecting it from bleeding.

The number of platelets measured in thousands per 1 microliter of blood. For men, the norm is 200-400 thousand U / mkl, and for women - 180-320 thousand U / mkl. Their insufficient content can lead to prolonged healing of wounds and internal bleeding causing serious illness. Reduction in platelet count in the blood can occur as a result of several causes: lack of certain vitamins, prolonged diets, allergies to medicines, certain diseases and others.

An increase in the number of blood platelets causes the formation of pathological blood clots in the body. Thrombi are formed due to the clamping of platelets between themselves and the walls of the vessels. They are able to block the flow of blood, which in some cases becomes the cause of death, if the blood clots are located in the zone of the heart or brain. If a blood clot overlaps the vessel in another part of the body, without feeding the tissue begins to die, which can cause gangrene or sepsis.

Thus, the uniform elements of the blood are cells responsible for their own, strictly distributed unique functions.