Psychomotor development of the child: features, stages and recommendations

Favorite, long-awaited child for parents is not only a joy, but also a responsibility. After all, until the baby is unable to move independently, to make a choice, to talk, it is mother and father who become his support and a stimulus for development. What information does the adult need to know about the child's psychomotor development in order to be able to react in time to the difficulties that have arisen?

How to determine the normal development of the baby

The importance of the period of intrauterine development and appearance is great. By the time of birth, many systems and organs are in a state of development, and to functional maturity is still very far away. To survive a child in a new( aggressive) environment, it is necessary to provide appropriate care and conditions.

Adaptation of the child to the environment and its physiological formation are estimated in the first minutes of birth according to the Apgar scale( named after the doctor who created it).Measurements are conducted on the first, fifth and tenth minutes of life. If the indicators change in the direction of increase, the fact of a good adaptation of the baby to the environment is ascertained. The table shows five indicators of the viability of the newborn's body: skin color, palpitations, reflexes, breathing, muscle tone. An estimate of seven to ten points implies a good, timely psychomotor development of the child in the future. If the assessment after the first and second measurement has remained at a low level, doctors diagnose the disrupted development and prescribe appropriate medical support.

The stage of birth of a child influences the formation of the entire subsequent life of a person, therefore it can not be underestimated.

What includes the term "psychomotor development"

The maturation of the nervous system and brain centers in children is from birth to seven years. The final physiological formation is completed by the time of adolescence. In this regard, heterochronous development of mental and physical development is noted.

In pedagogy and psychology the phrase "psychomotor development" implies the timely formation of such characteristics as motor skills, static muscle work, sensory sensations, thinking, speech, social adaptation. To compile a reliable picture of the actual development of a child, compare its indicators with the achievements of a normally developing one-year-old. Scales of normative psychomotor development for each period of a child's life are developed on the basis of long-term observations of doctors and educators, based on practical research. However, very often the specialist's words about the discrepancy between the child's development and the normative minimum are broken against a wall of misunderstanding and protest from the parents.

Why it is important to monitor the child's psychomotor development and correct it in time:

• children whose abilities and abilities are formed on time( on a scale), 100% successfully cope with training, have a good basis for becoming a self-sufficient person, adapt well in the social environment;
• if the deviation in psychomotor development occurs in all parameters in the direction of decrease, in this situation, for the alignment of processes, the help of specialists( often narrowly specialized) is needed, parents themselves with such a problem can not cope;
• in case the abilities and abilities of the baby outstrip the age norm, also it is not necessary to relax, because with talented children it is necessary to work taking into account their individual characteristics.

Periodic development of the child

The onset of crisis periods in childhood has a direct correlation with the formation of new skills, skills, maturation of the nervous system and brain regions. In a word, this is an abrupt change in the body, which causes the child to have a certain "discomfort", and not only him. Parents have to experience with the children six stages of growing up:

• newborn( adaptation to habitat);
• crisis of one year( associated with the change of position in space, the beginning of circulation);
• crisis of three years( conditionally this period can begin from one and a half to three years, it is connected with allocation by the child of the "I");
• crisis of seven years( starts at six and can manifest until the age of eight, is associated with the formation of verbal-logical thinking);
• the crisis of the puberty period( from eleven to fifteen years old, has a physiological basis);
• crisis of youth( comes from fifteen and can last up to eighteen years, associated with the formation of personality).

There is a regularity: the better the parents are ready to show new skills in children, the more successfully the crisis stages for the pupils proceed. Of course, we must not forget that boys and girls are formed and develop "at different speeds" due to the difference in physiological nature.

The scale of normative physical and psychomotor development of children takes into account all the features of the child's formation. In most cases, it's enough to give time in time to form a particular skill, not missing a sensitive period, and the kid does not even remember that he encountered any problems.

If the baby has a systemic delay in psychomotor development, then the position can not be corrected by half measures. Usually such a picture is observed with a serious disruption of the formation of organic processes, therefore, it is practically impossible to level the development of a child without the help of specialists.

Forming the personality of a child up to three years

For ease of use of the scale of normal development of the baby, it is placed almost in all the "Child Development Diaries".There are different types, forms and editions of this manual, but the essence is immutable: help to parents.

Communication, speech, thinking and self-service are also formed over a long period of time and have their age milestones. Psychomotor development until a year passes very actively, preparing the child's body for uprightness. By the age of three, the baby is already ready to communicate with the surrounding people. In the case of delayed psychomotor development, this effect, depending on the severity of the disorder, is observed at the age of 4-5 years.

Personal features of the preschool child

From 3 to 7 years old, children actively learn space through mobile games, various activities and sports. Independent movement gives an opportunity to study the space and objects of the surrounding world. It is worth noting that the level of psychomotor development of preschool children depends not only on the abilities of children, but also on the desire of an adult to teach children. Skills and skills acquired by pupils at this time are more social in nature and depend on correct learning. The role of the adult in the formation of the child's personality only increases.

In everyday life, the child becomes more independent, learns self-service skills( washing, dressing, cleaning up, eating correctly).With the help of adults, he learns and learns to independently perform many physical exercises( he rides a two-wheeled bicycle, plays tennis and other outdoor games that require coordination of movements).It learns to distinguish between the basic sensory standards( shape, color, texture, volume, etc.), master graphic skills. Under the condition of the norm of development, by the age of seven, the child takes possession of the figurative side of the utterance( not only understands the figurative comparison, but also applies it independently), can correctly articulate all the sounds of the native speech and intonationally construct the utterance.

What does it mean to be ready for school

Having successfully passed the period of "why" and "dreamer", the child is preparing to enter the school. In order to study the characteristics of the psychomotor development of children, psychologists and speech therapists conduct tests, the results of which recommend admission to the first grade or other training options. Unfortunately, parents rarely listen to the recommendations of specialists, hoping to "maybe grow into", "ahead of a whole summer, will grow up," etc.

It's one thing if a baby has 1-2 functions that, with proper pedagogical support, are equalized quickly enough. But if a child is recommended a program to compensate for the delay of psychomotor development in children, then the priority is simply obvious. Again, unfortunately, not for all parents.

Importance of choosing the educational route

Psychomotor development disorder is often caused by such factors as developing deafness, blindness, dementia of the nervous system, severe diseases of the nervous system( for example, cerebral palsy, organic form of CPD), pedagogical neglect. In such cases, children are recommended different educational routes, which are selected by specialists in accordance with existing problems. It should be noted that the programs are adapted to the teaching of children with different educational needs, but parents are often unable to assess the real state of things by motivating their refusal with the phrase "my child is not worse than the rest".

In fact, he is not worse or better, he just has other needs, which he will not satisfy by studying in the ordinary school curriculum. Training in the end for the child at best will become a real hard labor, if not cause concomitant stuttering. But adults rarely think about this.

Children with special development

The first thing that special children need is the adults' understanding of this feature and presenting requirements in the light of the current situation. There are no identical people, so that the good for one, for another - death is like. The principle of "being like everyone" works only to the detriment of the child. Children are all different, but they equally want to experience the joy of victory, touching something new, the unconditional love of the parents. Therefore, adults should weigh the pros and cons?deciding on the fate of a special child.

Junior schoolchild: do you need help

Entering the first class is, first of all, stress. Expected, controlled, dosed( to some extent), but still. .. If in the kindergarten the child felt like a fish in the water, then in school the learning process comes first, so the help of adults is simply necessary. Sometimes the support and confidence of the parents in the student's success allows "to breathe more freely".

Recommendations for Parents

The psychomotor development of toddlers should take place under the close supervision of their parents. At the age of 0 to 3 years, many problems can be removed with the help of a child's massage. It is difficult to find specialists of this class, but it is possible.

Problems arising in early childhood, mostly quickly enough to correct due to the abundance of sensitive periods in this life span. Therefore, they can not be postponed until later - it will be too late.

The choice of the educational route of the child should be based not on the requirements of the parent to the child, but on the needs of the child in development and education.

At the time of making any decision, remember: children rely on unconditional love of their parents.

There are no identical people, so take care of the unique world of your child.