Cornea: normal or pathological?

Bone callus is formed when the bone is joined. It can be of four types.

Intermediary corn is formed between tightly contacting fragments of bone, if the immobility of their fragments is observed. This space is filled with cells of Havers systems and sprouts vessels. This is the true healing of the bone.

With the preservation of fragility and diastase, vascular germination becomes significantly more complicated, if at all possible. In this case, the callus is represented by the following species: parasomal, periosteal, endosteal.

The parasal callus is formed from the soft tissues that lie adjacent to the fracture site. Such a callus is more pronounced if these tissues were significantly injured in a fracture or directly during the treatment itself. Parasomal corn is a kind of jumper or "bridge", thrown between the bone fragments. Sometimes it can reach considerable dimensions, but this does not guarantee the strength of the fusion.

If the normal callus is not formed after the fracture, then development of fractures of parasol corns is possible even with insignificant strains.

Periostal corn is formed by the reproduction of cambial cells of the periosteum, which are well supplied with blood and have good regenerative abilities. Such a callus is located outside the bone.

Endostal corneum is formed from endosteal cells, as well as bone marrow cells. It is located from the inside, from the side of the bone marrow channel.

When creating favorable conditions for bone adhesion, first the periosteal and endosteal bone calluses are formed, which ensure that the bone fragments are held motionless until an intermediate corneal is formed, after which they are reduced. Intermediary callus then changes, taking the structure of normal bone. This fusion is optimal: the best restoration of the bone in the shortest possible time.

If the displacement of fragments is maintained, the fusion takes place at the expense of the periosteum with the formation of periosteal corns. Diaphyseal fractures in the corn formation process pass the stage of the cartilaginous tissue, but the healing of the spongy bone passes without it: the connective tissue corn is transformed immediately into the bone and the periosteal callus is not expressed.

So how should bone callus be treated? Treatment should be carried out to eliminate the fracture, to form an intermediate corn, which after transformation is transformed into a bone of normal structure. The final transformation takes about a year.

For the treatment of fractures, reposition of bone fragments, their strong fixation throughout the entire period of adhesion, and also auxiliary methods are necessary: ​​physiotherapy, physiotherapy exercises, massage, which are aimed at restoring the full functioning of the damaged structure. In addition, primary treatment of the wound plays an important role in the treatment of open fractures.

Repositioning and fixing are carried out using conservative and operational methods. Conservative therapy of fractures is carried out both outpatiently and in a hospital( this is determined by the nature of the fracture), operatively only in the hospital. Both methods are widely used in traumatological practice, their use is due to clear indications in each case.

The reposition of the fragments is carried out either manually or by stretching. After reaching the normal state of the fragments, immobilization is carried out, most often with a plaster bandage.