In the general or common analysis of a blood what is included? Table, transcript
Every person, when seeking medical help, at least once in his life gave a general blood test. This analysis gives information to the doctor about individual parameters of the organism's state. Since this substance is in contact with all organs of any living organism, a lot of information is displayed in the blood analysis. The data, which is included in the general blood test: what is included in its composition, in what quantity is contained, determine the general reaction of the organism to the pathogenic process occurring in the body.
In order to take a small amount of blood for analysis, it is necessary to extract it from the pad of the ring finger, puncturing it with a special disposable sterile needle( scarifier).The analysis determines the corresponding response of the body's defenses to external action, that is, an increase in the number of leukocytes to fight infection, a change in physical properties.
The main indicators of the blood test
In the general blood test that is included? First of all, the most informative indicators.
- Hemoglobin, erythrocytes, reticulocytes are indicators of the so-called "red bodies".
- Leukocytes and their varieties( neutrophils and lymphocytes) are indicators of "white bodies".
- ESR is an indicator of the general reactivity of the body.
Now, more details about the components that make up the general blood test. What is included in the mandatory definition is red blood cells and leukocytes.
Erythrocytes and reticulocytes in the blood
Erythrocytes are blood cells, the main task of them is the transportation of oxygen to the tissue with the help of hemoglobin. Like the content of hemoglobin, the number of erythrocytes throughout the life of a person varies. In a newborn, these indicators are the highest: 6.0 - 5.5 * 10¹² / L of red blood cells. Gradually the number of red blood cells in a baby decreases and by the end of 1 month it is 4.8-5.0 * 10¹² / l. Blood for erythrocytes is handed over absolutely to all patients.
Reticulocytes are the precursors of erythrocytes, that is, young erythrocytes. Since the process of renewal of blood cells is continuous, it always contains some of these immature forms. Determine them not always, most often in case of anemia or bleeding. Normally, the amount of reticulocytes averages 0.5-0.6 ppm.
Hemoglobin level in the body
Hemoglobin is a complex substance that is contained in the erythrocyte, its composition can be represented as a compound of the protein( globin) and a substance that contains iron( heme).The main function of hemoglobin is to provide all tissues with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide from tissues into the lungs. The hemoglobin content in the body is a very important indicator of the state of health. The highest hemoglobin in newborns is 175-235 g / l, then its level decreases. A half-year-old child has a norm of 120-125 g / l. In children older and in adults, the lower limit is 110 g / l. There is a misconception that, the higher the hemoglobin in the blood, the better. But, nevertheless, a high level of erythrocytes and hemoglobin can indicate various pathological conditions. For example, an elevated hemoglobin level may indicate a thickening of the blood, that is, dehydration of the body.
The general blood test deployed also includes the determination of other indicators.
Color indicator - the relative value that determines the hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte, is important for determining the nature of anemia. Normally, it is within the range of 0.85 -1.0.
Blood on platelets is taken to determine possible diseases associated with blood, as well as for diagnosis of bone marrow diseases.
Platelets are blood cells that affect the process of blood clotting. The number of platelets decreases with certain diseases, for example, in leukemia, certain types of anemia, and sometimes in viral and bacterial infections.
The level of trobocytes in a healthy organism is in the range of - 180 * 10⁹ cells / l - 320 * 10⁹ cells / l. Platelet analysis is performed before any operation to determine blood coagulability.
ESR is an indicator known to many as ROE.Determines the number of millimeters that are deposited in a test tube for 1 hour. In newborns, it is normal - 2-3 mm / h, in children of early age - 4-8 mm / h, in older children and in adults - 5-10 mm / h and more.
ESR increases with inflammatory diseases in the body, regardless of the site of inflammation, and the more complex the inflammation, the higher the rates will be. Acceleration of ESR can be observed in malignant diseases, in such cases it can be up to 50-60 mm / h and more.
Leukocytes in the blood
Leukocytes are cells that protect the body in case of penetration of pathogenic microbes and viruses into it. The number of leukocytes in the inflammatory process in most cases increases to cope with the destruction of pathogens. Sometimes the white blood cell count may increase due to stressful situations or the use of fatty foods.
Leukocytes resist any damage to the skin, protect the focus of damage and prevent the spread of the infection further. The stronger the inflammation, the more leukocytes the body produces and the more they get into the common blood test. What is in the blood and how the body's immune system copes with the disease, you can learn in detail from the analysis. If, for example, a child develops pneumonia, and white blood cells do not rise, then immunity can not cope, and this always worries doctors. Blood should be given to white blood cells if there is a suspicion of any inflammation in the body, and in the case of appendicitis, this analysis will help in rapid diagnosis. Lowering the level of leukocytes can be observed with some viral infections, poisoning, carrying out individual treatment methods.
In addition to these indicators, the doctor should see the size and shape of red blood cells and changes in the structure of leukocytes, often this helps to establish the correct diagnosis.
| Age | Red blood cell content | Hemoglobin level | Leukocyte count |
| up to 1 year | 3.9 - 5.5 | 113-114 | 6-17.5 |
| 1 to 3 | 3.8 - 4.9 | 110-140 | 6 - 17 |
| of 3up to 9 | 3.7 to 4.9 | 110 to 140 | 5 to 14.5 |
| from 9 to 12 | 3.8 to 4.9 | 120 to 150 | 4.5 to 13.0 |
| from 12 to 15 | 4.2 to 5.6 for men 3.8 to 5.0 for women | 120 -160 115-150 115-150 | 4.5 - 13.0 |
| from 15 to 18 | 4.1 - 5.2 for men 3.9 - 5.1 for women | 117 - 166 117 - 153 | 4.5 - 11.0 |
| from 18 to 65 | 4.2 - 5.6 for men 3.8 - 5.1 for women 3.8 - 5.1 for women 3.8 - 5.1 for women 3.8 - 5.1 for women | 117 - 155 | 4 - 9 |
| more than 65 years | 4 - 9 |
A general blood test, the table of which is given, represents the results of an average healthy person.
From each drop of blood can be done many more different studies that will tell you about the work of individual organs and the body as a whole.
Total protein
This assay is the weight in grams of all protein molecules contained in 1 liter of blood. In adults, it will normally be 55-80 g / l, in small children a little less. Protein molecules, which are present in the blood, differ in their properties.
As a result of the analysis, the number of protein fractions is listed, thanks to this study the doctor receives important information for the correct diagnosis and treatment.
The most basic protein constituents:
- Albumins are protein molecules that bind water.
- Alpha-1-globulins, normally 3.5-6%, increase in the acute stage of the disease.
- Alpha-2-globulins, normally 6.9 - 10%, are the first to respond to the inflammation process.
- Beta-globulins, normally amount to 7-12%, the increase occurs in the acute stage of the disease and in the transition to a chronic form.
- Gamma globulins, which are antibodies, are typically 12-19%, with chronic diseases increasing their level.
- C-reactive protein - in the acute period of inflammation of tissues becomes positive.
Blood test for sugar
Carried out to study carbohydrate metabolism and pancreas evaluation. Usually they donate blood for sugar to determine the possibility of diabetes. The permissible limits of glucose are 3.3-5.5 mmol / l. It is important to adhere to the rule: blood for sugar is taken from the finger in the morning on an empty stomach, dinner before these should be no later than 19.00, that is, the minimum time between food and analysis should be at least 8 hours. Of course, one analysis can not be diagnosed, but it is decisive in diagnosing diabetes and endocrine system diseases, and it is also the main controlling parameter for the prescribed treatment.
Blood group definition
This analysis is mandatory before any operation or in connection with blood transfusion. Sometimes, ignorantly, this classification becomes a stumbling block within the family, when the child's blood type does not coincide with the blood group of one or both parents. In fact, this is quite a frequent phenomenon and the blood is inherited according to the laws of genetics. For example, if both parents have a second blood group, the likelihood that the baby will have the first group is very large. And if the parents have blood of the first and fourth group, then, according to the laws of genetics, the child will have a second or third group.
In pregnancy, always pay attention to cases when the mother of Rh-negative blood, and the kid inherited from the father of Rh-positive. In this case, antibodies accumulate in the mother's blood, which can be unsafe for the child's health.
Hepatic assays
How does such an important organ in the body work, like the liver, can also be determined by a blood test. The activity of transaminases in the selected sample indicates liver disease and is accompanied by the death of liver cells. The analysis is carried out in any biochemical laboratory, while taking blood from the finger or vein. An increase in the level of transaminases is observed not only with viral hepatitis, but also other injuries( injuries, burns, myocarditis, the intake of toxic products, including antibiotics).
Blood test for cholesterol
The normal cholesterol in the body is 3.6-6.7 mmol / l. It should be remembered that high cholesterol contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, and it in turn provokes various heart diseases and is the cause of heart attacks and strokes.
Blood analysis is a simple and very effective study of the body, which is necessary for the correct determination of the patient's diagnosis. Sometimes an urgent blood test is necessary to save the patient's life. Information obtained from clinical analysis reflects the general response of the body to any pathological process, therefore preparation and carrying out of it must correspond to the highest standards. The results of the tests help the doctor not only to correctly diagnose, assess the difficulty of the course of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment, and sometimes help to detect the disease at a stage when there are no other signs of the disease.