A person during his life has to deal with various medical services. This can be a consultation of a medical specialist, the study of any biomaterials, the examination of internal organs, the intake of various medications. The general analysis of urine is passed absolutely by all people, it is assigned to all people - from babies to pensioners. This is the most common and at the same time informative method of urine research.
General urine test: what is this study?
These analyzes are an indicator of kidney function, so at the slightest suspicion of their dysfunction, doctors prescribe this study. In addition, the results of the analysis may indicate other pathological processes in the body. This method can detect abnormal work of the organs, determining the general properties of urine and microscopy of urinary sediment. The main parameters by which the doctor makes conclusions about the patient's condition are:
- urine color;
- its transparency;
- is the density of urine;
- the presence of protein;
- acidity;
- glucose values;
- what is the patient's hemoglobin;
- bilirubin;
- ketone bodies;
- urobilinogen;
- nitrite;
- presence in urine of salts;
- epithelium;
- the number of red blood cells;
- leukocytes;
- what is in the urine of bacteria;
- cylinders.
This study for patients with kidney pathology is assigned quite often to monitor the dynamics of changes in excretory system performance and the effectiveness of medications used. A healthy person should ideally take this analysis 1-2 times a year for the timely detection of pathologies.
What are the rules for collecting the analysis?
The study should be carried out with the utmost precision. It must be provided from the beginning of the collection of urine to the final results. Before collecting urine, it is necessary to conduct hygiene of the appropriate organs. It should be noted that various food jars or containers are not suitable for the analysis. To collect the biomaterial, a special container is needed, which is used only for these purposes. You can buy it at any pharmacy.
In the evening before taking the test, you need to limit the use of products that can stain urine: beets, carrots and others. In addition, it is necessary to monitor the use of various medications on the eve, as they may distort the results of the tests. In the period of menstruation, the results may also be untrue, so you need to wait until the end of this period.
It is impossible to drink alcoholic beverages in the evening before the analysis. The content of trace elements in the urine can change significantly.
What can be identified with this analysis?
The general analysis of urine is prescribed in order to determine the state of the body in case of suspicion of certain pathologies. This analysis is prescribed for the occurrence of diseases of the urinary system, to determine the dynamics of the course of the disease and control over it. Analysis helps to prevent possible complications in time, and also shows the effectiveness of the treatment. This study is also often used in examinations of people undergoing medical examinations.
Determination of urine density
Urine density is the relative ratio of the density of two materials, one of which is considered as a reference. In this case, distilled water is considered as a sample. Density of urine, as a rule, is variable. The reason is that overnight the density changes, this is due to the unevenness of the output of metabolic products dissolved in the urine.
When filtering blood, the kidneys form the primary urine, most of which undergoes reverse absorption and returns to the bloodstream. Based on the described process, the kidneys make a concentrate of secondary urine. The process described above is called the concentration function of the kidneys. If there is a violation of the latter, this will lead to a decrease in the relative density of urine. A violation of the concentration function can be diabetes insipidus, some variants of chronic nephritis and other diseases.
If protein appears in the urine, sugar, white blood cells, red blood cells and the like - this helps to increase the density of urine. Relative density of urine, and, more precisely, its average value depends on the person's age. Also, the concentration function of the kidneys depends on age. Speaking generally, these two concepts are closely related.
Physiology of occurrence of urine density
The density of urine, and, more precisely, the process of its occurrence, consists of three stages. This is filtration, reabsorption and tubular secretion.
The first stage - filtration - occurs in the malpighian corpuscle of the nephron. It is possible because of the high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries, which is created due to the fact that the diameter of the bringing arterioles is greater than that of the outgoing.
The second stage is called reabsorption or, in other words, suction in the opposite direction. It is carried out in the swirling and even tubules of the nephron, where, in fact, primary urine enters.
The final, third stage of urination is tubular secretion. Cells of renal tubules along with special enzymes carry out active transfer from the blood capillaries to the lumen of the tubules of poisonous metabolic products: urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine and others.
Relative density of urine
The relative density of urine is normally a wide range. And the process of its formation will be determined by normally functioning kidneys. The relative density of urine tells a lot about the specialist. The rate of this indicator will fluctuate throughout the day many times. This is due to the fact that from time to time a person takes different foods, drinks water and loses fluid through sweating, breathing and other functions. In various conditions, the kidneys excrete urine with relative density: 1,001 - 1,040.It is believed that the density of urine is normal. If a healthy adult drinks enough water, then the relative density of urine, the rate of which is indicated above, in the morning can have the following indicators: 1.015 - 1.020.Morning urine can be very saturated, because at night the liquid does not enter the body.
The density of urine is normal, if its color is straw-yellow, transparent and has a faint odor. Its reaction should range from 4 to 7.
What is dangerous about hypersthenuria?
If a person has an increased density of urine, this indicates that certain pathological processes in the body occur, which in one word are called "hypersthenuria."Such a disease will be manifested by the growth of edema, in particular, with acute glomerulonephritis or inadequate circulation in the kidneys. If there were huge extrarenal fluid loss. This includes diarrhea, vomiting, large blood loss, large area burns, swelling, abdominal trauma, intestinal obstruction. About hypersthenuria will also indicate the appearance in the urine of a large number of glucose, protein, drugs and their metabolites. The cause of this disease is still toxicosis in pregnancy. If you passed urine analysis, the specific gravity of which turned out to be high( more than 1030), such a result would be indicative of hypersthenuria. Such results must necessarily be discussed with the physician.
High dangers to human life high density of urine does not carry. But it can be of two types:
- Kidney pathology, for example, nephrotic syndrome.
- Absence of a primary pathology of the kidneys( glucosuria, myeloma, hypovolemic states, in which the reabsorption of water in tubules is compensated, and therefore urine concentration begins).
What is the evidence of hypostenuria?
Hypostenuria is a disease opposite to hypersthenuria. It is characterized by a lower density of urine. The cause is acute damage to the renal tubules, diabetes insipidus, persistent renal failure, or malignant hypertension.
Hypostenuria indicates that there was a violation of the concentration ability of the kidneys. And this, in turn, speaks of kidney failure. And if you are diagnosed with this disease, it is advisable to contact the nephrologist immediately, who will give you a timely and appropriate treatment.
Urine density norms for children
As stated in this article above, the norms of urine density are different for each age. The analysis of the urine of an adult is significantly different from that of a child. It can vary in many ways, but its main difference is in the norms. Relative density of urine in a child should meet the following standards:
- a one-day-old baby has a norm of 1,008 to 1,018;
- if the baby is about half a year, for him the norm will be 1.002-1.004;
- at the age of six months to one year the normal relative density of urine is the range from 1.006 to 1.010;
- between the ages of three and five, the range of urine density will range from 1.010 to 1.020;
- for children who are about 7-8 years old, the norm is 1.008-1.022;
- and those who are in the range of 10 to 12 years, their urine density should correspond to the norm of 1,011-1,025.
It happens that it is very difficult for parents to collect urine from their child, especially if they are very small. But in order to determine the density of urine, you need to deliver at least 50 ml to the laboratory where this analysis is carried out.