What is speech, the development of speech in ontogeny
The process of communication is common and common for the vast majority of people. The language form of communication becomes an inalienable means of conveying one's thoughts in the form formulated for both young children and adults. Another thing is that the quality of the use of speech can be different. According to experts, a person accumulates experience of using language as a means of verbal communication throughout almost all his life, improving it in various aspects. In early postembryonic age, a person develops basic communication skills with the outside world, including speech. The development of speech in ontogeny occurs in stages, some of which can demonstrate the level of possession of this skill, which, at first glance, has nothing to do with the traditional concept of linguistic communication.
General information about speech
Speech communication can be considered as an information exchange tool. It was thanks to the psycholinguistic process, which was formed due to speech skills, that a person could use the past and modern experience of other people. Thus, the development of the already working skills of mankind has taken shape. At the same time, speech can not be considered in isolation from the direct instrument of its implementation - language. On the one hand, it refers to the body of the articulatory apparatus, and on the other - a set of signs indicating a particular phenomenon, action or object of the real world. The quality of the use of language skills and determine the effectiveness of communication. And the development of speech in ontogeny is in some way the foundation on which the subsequent formation of articulatory and other abilities is built.
Speech features and functions
As already mentioned, the speech allowed a person to achieve a modern and fairly high level of work activity. This became possible due to the fact that a person effectively used the functions of speech communication. First of all, this is a function of communication, which acts as a translator of the thoughts of a particular individual. Here, it is worth emphasizing the ability to perceive speech, without which the psycholinguistic process is either significantly impoverished or does not make sense at all. Along with this, speech and its use give impetus to personal intellectual activity, during which skills such as memory, perception, thinking, etc. are improved. Like communication functions, these abilities depend on how effective speech itself is. The development of speech in ontogeny also lays the qualitative characteristics of this skill. Among them, the ability to convey thoughts, correct presentation, expressiveness and effectiveness, that is, influence on the interlocutor, is distinguished.
Stages of speech activity
There are different approaches to the systematization of stages, during which, with varying degrees of intensity, the formation of skills in the use of speech occurs. But usually, however, three basic stages are distinguished: preparatory, pre-school and preschool periods. The initial stage involves the mastery of speech in a period of up to a year. And it can be divided into several separate periods, because at this time there are several fundamentally important transitional moments in development. Then follows the so-called primary or pre-school stage, to the onset of which the child should already have basic skills of mastering the speech apparatus. But, again, these are just the initial stages in the development of speech in ontogeny, from which one should not expect serious results in terms of improving the quality of communication skills. And the third stage presupposes the formation of skills in grammatical tools.
First Speech Reactions
From the first days of birth, traditional even rudimentary manifestations of speech can not be said, but this period is important, from the point of view of the formation of the speech apparatus. It is significant, because at this time it is possible to eliminate some physiological defects, which in future will become a hindrance to the full development of articulatory abilities. Therefore, a special place has a survey of organs that will determine the future development of speech in ontogeny. Briefly, these organs can be designated as a triad, which includes the respiratory, voice and articulatory apparatus. At the same time, the movements of these departments begin to appear in the child, thanks to which he makes cries and crying.
Speech development in the first six months of a child's life
Up to 5-6 months the child begins to strengthen his speech apparatus, he can surely babble and scream. By the end of this station, there is also a walk, which can also give information about possible defects. What is even more important, in parallel with the development of their own abilities for verbal communication, children begin to actively perceive external sounds, giving them one or another value. Parents and others in general can influence the fixing of words in the context of creating an associative connection. In general, the features of speech development in ontogenesis are largely conditioned by the influence of the external environment. The child is influenced by intonation, individual situational nuances and patterns of behavior. To strengthen some model situations, it is recommended that they be repeated several times - the memory of the child at this time is sometimes a more effective development tool than physical articulation skills.
Development phase in the period from 5 to 12 months
This period is characterized by two important changes that will mark a new level in the development of speech skills by the child. First, it is an active imitation of adults. Children not only seek to simulate the sound signals through which communication occurs, but also imitate the mechanics of articulatory pronunciation. Thus, a model model is formed on the basis of which speech will be built. The development of speech in ontogeny at this stage also involves the strengthening of associations between words and the outside world, but already in a complex and with an emotional coloring. And here we can note the second important change towards the future development. This is the emergence of clearer responses to words and phrases. The child more fully perceives the speech of adults and takes separate decisions on its basis.
Development stage in the period from 1 to 3 years
During this period, the child develops an articulatory apparatus and fixes the semantic base on which he can be aware of what adults say. And if in the first year the understanding of words occurs in a generalized form, then at that time the children already have a more or less stable speech, although with serious mistakes. For example, they can confuse the meanings of certain words, omit prepositions, and also have difficulty expressing requests. At this stage, the development of speech in the process of ontogeny is mainly due to the accumulation of words. That is, the mechanics of dealing with them are already in the stage of active formation and are only improving, but many children are experiencing difficulties because of the lack of a lexicon.
Development stage in the period from 3 to 7 years
Since 3 years, children can express their thoughts in an understandable form, while observing the grammatical system. Of course, in this period there will be many mistakes. Most of them are still allowed due to the inability to correctly use complex sentences, and in some cases errors in the pronunciation of sounds are allowed. Phonemic perception also develops. This means that a child with greater efficiency can approach his own control of speech. He hears himself and corrects, based on the rules set by the adults themselves. Therefore, the teaching function of parents is still significant. In addition, the development of children's speech in ontogeny at this stage is inextricably linked with the improvement of such qualities as thinking, remembering and perception.
Development of phonetic-phonemic skills
Strengthening the ability to hear sounds and correctly reproduce them is formed together with the development of direct speech generating bodies. In other words, the entire speech apparatus and voice departments, together with the auditory system, are the central objects that the child intents to learn. And more attention can be paid to articulation, because the quality of pronunciation depends on it. Here, too, the ability to diversify the use of speech tones is manifested. Emotions are increasingly reflected in the manner in which certain words are pronounced. Intonation, in particular, at this stage acquires its own stylistic features, which can naturally repeat the manner of conversation of surrounding adults.
The process of expanding the lexico-grammatical base of
In addition to accumulating words, at this time the child tries to connect them correctly. The simplest ligaments are already successful, but problems with compound word combinations are still possible. The skills of correct case management develop gradually. Also, the ability to distinguish in the process of speech the plural and singular numbers, endings, etc. develops. A later period, during which the grammatical structure of speech develops in ontogenesis, is characterized by the formation of syntactic and morphological levels of language proficiency. Children learn the techniques of word-formation and word-change, independently make sentences and learn how to handle accents correctly. And, as before, phonetics and the ability to perceive third-party speech remain one of the main external factors by which a child develops his communication abilities.
Development of coherent speech in the ontogenesis of
During this period, there is a complex strengthening of speech skills from different sides - with sound, morphological, grammatical and lexical. Solitary speech requires a lot of effort from the child and also involves more thinking processes. Formed and the skills of maintaining a dialogue, which already consists not only of simple or complex sentences, but also requires relatively fast speech responses to alternate answers and questions. As the patterns of speech development in ontogeny show, children begin to pay special attention in the process of communication and its context. The generality of the situation, which connects the child and the interlocutor, affects his statements.
Possible disorders in the development of speech
Speech defects are mainly associated with underdevelopment of mental functions, although physical deviations also often occur. Usually, both reasons complement each other, because of what is formed an intractable set of factors that do not allow finding an unambiguous means of getting rid of the problem. Such defects include alalia, dysphonia, logoneurosis, etc. Some deviations are associated with abnormalities in the processes of vocal formation, others are caused by problems of the hearing aid, and still others do not allow the proper organization of the tempo-rhythmic function. Sometimes the disrupted development of speech in ontogeny can be corrected at an early age. But as we grow older, even in the initial stages of the development of oral speech, it becomes increasingly difficult to cope with such violations.
Conclusion
As specialists note, there are no general models for the development of speech abilities. As these skills develop, each child as a bridge develops a system that helps him understand the laws and principles on which speech is based. The development of speech in ontogeny also occurs with the postponement of certain skills. This should also be prepared. For example, he can feel repetitive sonorous sounds at early stages, but he is not yet able to pronounce them himself. In a certain sense, the differentiation of individual features of speech communication also occurs in the part of phonetic perception, and also will take place in the further formation of the ability to add words from the sentence and maintain dialogues.